Q1. Pseudogenes are the remains of broken genes which are unable to function and can be considered to be genetic fossils. Some are relics of genes lost through evolution while others reflect an earlier version of a present functional gene. Why are pseudogenes able to accumulate mutations that do not exist in functional genes?

Q2. Mutations in STRs occur, on average, every 500 generations. Different numbers of these repeats have no obvious effect on the individual. What is the likely reason for this?

Q3. If a translocation is present in a fertilised egg, all cells of the individual that has developed will carry the translocation. A phenotypically normal man carried a translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 2. Explain why the male is phenotypically normal in spite of carrying the translocation shown.

Q4. What is the difference between somatic and germline mutations?

Q5. Explain how a substitution mutation affect the protein it codes for