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Q1. How would the barcode database of DNA be used to identify the fish species that had been caught by the fishermen? Provide an example of a situation (other than illegal fishing) when humans would want to identify the fish species.

Q2. What is the genetic process that results in the novel phenotypes observed in cichlids?

Q3. Explain how DNA hybridisation can be used to determine evolutionary relationships

Q4. Why is mitochondrial DNA useful for tracking human evolutionary history?

Q5. Explain how it is possible that some pairing occurs between single strands of DNA obtained from two different species.

Q6. If a high level of complementarity (Tm) is achieved from a DNA hybridisation, what does this show about the two species?

Q7. What are two mechanisms through which novel phenotypes can arise in a species?

Q8. How could the timing of gene activity produce different phenotypes with respect to beak size and shape?

Q9. Suggest how a different beak size or shape could confer a selective advantage in some individuals in a finch population

Q10. It has been observed that samples of mitochondrial DNA taken from living humans are very similar to each other and the greatest variation of mitochondrial DNA is observed within African populations. Based on these observations, what are two inferences that can be made about human evolution?

Q11. Explain whether single stranded DNA from two humans for the same gene would match exactly if the DNA hybridisation test was carried out

Q12. Why would it be difficult to use DNA hybridisation to determine how closely related tow similar looking fossils are?

Q13. What are a master genes?

Q14. Explain how master regulatory genes can influence jaw development in Africa Cichlids

Q15. Why is mitochondria DNA a better molecule to compare the different groups rather than nuclear DNA?